Chapter 20 Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenesis

Homework problems to do before the exam:  4,5,6,8,10,12,13,15.  Also, you will want to read problems 9 and 16 because they are interesting!

Highlights of Chapter 20:

What are the three steps of glycolysis that are different in gluconeogenesis? How are these steps regulated.

What is the effect of glucagon binding to its receptor on a liver cell?  (clues: Fructose-2,6 bis phosphate, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, glycogen breakdown, glycogen synthesis)  Be sure to know the details of this signal transduction pathway.  (Review earlier material, e.g. go back to page 286 to see how glycogen synthesis is regulated by phosphorylation.)

What are the fates of pyruvate in a liver mitochondria?  How are these fates regulated?

What changes when lactate is used as the substrate for gluconeogenesis?

Can dietary fats be used to make glucose?  Be specific about the reactions that are used.

What is a futile cycle?  What are the products of the fructose-6-P futile cycle? 

Give examples of other ways that heat is generated. (Chapter 19 review)

In general, phosphorylation of enzymes promotes catabolism and dephosphorylation promotes anabolism.  Give three examples that support this statement.