REGULATION OF METABOLISM

· Metabolic regulation by adrenal hormones, thyroxine, and growth hormone

· Metabolism

Anabolic- synthesis of protein, glycogen and fat

Catabolic- large molecules converted to small ones

Glucagon, epinephrine, and glucocorticoids-

break down energy reserves to circulating

substrate

Protein- secondary energy source; only when

carbohydrates and fat utilization has occurred

· Metabolic rate affected by:

Physical activity

Temperature

Eating

· Eating behavior:

Hypothalamus- regulate feeding and satiety

Endorphins may increase eating activity

Norepinephrine and serotonin - opposing action

CCK- act as a neurotransmitter-stop eating activity

· Endocrine control

Pancreas- insulin and glucagon

Adrenal glands- epinephrine and glucocorticoids

Thyroid- thyroxine and calcitonin

Parathyroid- parathyroid hormone

Anterior pituitary gland- growth hormone

· Neural control

· Nutritional requirements

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

· Regulations of energy metabolism

· Energy regulations by the Islets of Langerhans

· Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia

Type I

Type II